Quantitative research involves the collection and analysis of numerical data. This measurable data is generally highly structured and analysed to produce statistics, datasets, graphs and charts. Quantitative research is undertaken to test hypotheses or evidence occurences/variables on a topic and predict future outcomes. Research methods include direct observation, surveys, questionnaires, controlled trials or cohort studies - the extracted data being numerical for questionnaires in the main by using closed questions.
How to recognise a quantitative article:
Abstract | Mention of collecting and analysing original data. |
Methodology | This section will definitely be included and there should be detailed descriptions about how the data was collected. The data should be from a large sample of people. |
Results | Results of the research data expressed in the form of graphs or charts. |
Discussion | Discussion of the research outcomes, often mentioning future predictions of the topic based on the data results. |
Qualitative research involves the analysis of people's opinions, attitudes and lived experiences. The analysis of the research is normally presented thematically i.e. divided into themes about the topic. Qualitative research is used to explore a topic in-depth - studying social phenomena and seeking to understand why or how something occurs. The process normally involves small groups of people due to the depth of information required. The research is open to interpretation/subjectivity because it cannot be measured in a systematic way. Concepts, boundaries, definitions and the resulting themes therefore will all need to be carefully explained in the article and the researcher must indicate the credibility of the study. Research methods include interviews, focus groups, questionnaires and observations - using open questions in particular.
How to recognise a qualitative article:
Abstract | Check the purpose of the research - is it to find out experiences or opinions? |
Methodology | Look for qualitative means of collecting the research such as interviews or focus groups. The research will use smaller sample sizes. The authors should also indicate why these methods have been used. |
Results | This section is often divided into several paragraphs - each based on a theme. There might also be quotations from interviews listed. |
Discussion | The authors should discuss issues arising from various themes indicated in the results section. |
Mixed Methods Research as the name suggests is research using both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. Research may be conducted using both methods to answer questions that cannot be answered using one method of data collection alone. There has been some debate as to the efficacy of mixed methods research so always check with your tutor as to whether using mixed method research is appropriate for your coursework.