The Coventry University Guide to Referencing in Harvard Style: Spoken Sources

An interview already available in the public domain

Note: Research conventions state that interviews that you conducted yourself are regarded as research data (which you may attach to your academic paper in the form of an Appendix) and therefore do not need to be referenced. 

In-text citation

Example

Components

• Surname of the interviewee(s).
• Year of the interview.

List of References entry

Example 1 (Interviews available in print)

Components

• Name and initial(s) of the interviewee.
• Year the interview took place in brackets. 
• Title of the interview within single quotation marks. (This could be the title of the article or article section or the title of the broadcast).
• The words 'interview by' followed by the name of the interviewer in square brackets. 
• The word 'in'.
• Full reference as normal (see relevant example) for the source in which the interview has been published, broadcast or recorded.

If available:

• The page number(s) of the interview, preceded by a comma.

Example 2 (Interviews accessed electronically)

Components

• Name and initial(s) of the interviewee.
• Year the interview took place in brackets. 
• Title of the interview within single quotation marks (this could be the title of the article or article section or the title of the broadcast).
• The words 'interview by' followed by the name of the interviewer in square brackets. 
• The word 'online' in square brackets.
• The words 'available from'.
• Full URL within chevrons, i.e. < >.
• Date of access in square brackets. (See date format in example above).

A conference presentation attended live

Note: 

• This page provides advice on how to reference conference papers as spoken sources (i.e. those attended live).
• Also see how to reference published conference papers
• Also see how to reference an entire volume of conference proceedings

In-text citation

Examples

Components

• Name of the presenter(s). If appropriate, use 'et al.'.
• Year.

List of References entry

Example

Components

• Surname and initial(s) of the presenter.
• Year of the presentation in brackets.
• Title of the presentation between single inverted commas.
• Title of the conference in italics, followed by a full stop.
• The word 'held', followed by the date(s) of the conference. (See date format above).
• The word 'at', followed by the place where the conference took place.

A lecture

Note: 

• The format of your entry in the List of References may be one of three types: a live lecture (lecture notes), a lecture podcast (available online, e.g. through Moodle or YouTube), or a recorded lecture (e.g. on DVD or CD).

In-text citation

Examples

Components

In your writing, indicate that you are referring to a lecture, then add:

• Name of the lecturer(s) (as author).
• Year the lecture was delivered.

List of References entry

Example 1 (A live lecture, e.g. from your notes)

Components

• Surname and initial(s) of the lecturer.
• Year of the presentation in brackets.
• Title of the lecture in italics (you may need to make up an appropriate title).
• The word ‘lecture’ in square brackets.
• Title of module, seminar or special occasion, followed by a comma.
• Exact date of the lecture with a full stop. (See date format in the example above).
• Place, followed by a colon.
• Institution where the lecture was delivered.

Example 2 (A lecture podcast, i.e. a lecture available online)

Components

• Surname and initial(s) of the lecturer.
• Year of the presentation in brackets.
• Title of the lecture in italics (you may need to make up an appropriate title).
• Format in square brackets, e.g. 'lecture podcast'.
• Title of module, seminar or special occasion, followed by a comma.
• Exact date of the lecture with a full stop. (See date format in example above).
• The words 'available from'.
• URL or the virtual learning platform.
• Date of access in square brackets. (See date format in example above).

Example 3 (A lecture available as a recording)

Components

• Surname and initial(s) of the lecturer.
• Tear of the presentation in brackets.
• Title of the lecture in italics (you may need to make up an appropriate title).
• Format in square brackets, e.g. 'lecture CD'.
• Title of module, seminar or special occasion, followed by a comma.
• Exact date of the lecture with a full stop. 
• Place, followed by a colon.
• Institution where the lecture was delivered.

The minutes of a meeting

In-text citation

An electronic audio source

Take a look at the Online & Electronic Sources section for examples of the following formats:

• CDs, DVDs and streamed content
• Broadcasts/podcasts
• Recorded programmes